Transmission system guide lines xcel energy operating companies interconnection guidelines for transmission interconnected customer loads version. It also is used to change ac voltages from one level to another, andor change alternating current to direct current or direct current to alternating current. Their structure is similar to sv, yet message transmission is only partly periodic. Electricity has to be transmitted over large distances as the place where the power is being generated and the place where it is consumed can be far apart. The communication between circuit breakers, autoreclosers and sectionalizing switches in the primary and secondary distribution circuits located in the field and the pc in distribution substation control room is through. Gis equipment can be supervised in several ways and for different purposes needs. The substation equipment and their functions mainly include the following. The electrical substation components are essential for installation of the substation. Initiate procurement of equipment and materials work instruction. It protects other substation equipment from lightning and switching surges by suppressing them to ground.
Substation, its function and types an electrical substation is an assemblage of electrical components including busbars, switchgear, power transformers, auxiliaries etc. Substation automation systems make their control and monitoring possible in real time and help maximize availability, effi cien cy, r eliabil ity, safet y and dat a integ rati on. Xcel energy operating companies interconnection guidelines. Main tasks associated with major substations in the transmission and ditribution system include following. Once a project database file is selected on a handheld terminal, the whole equipment deployment. Pdf development of an electrical substation equipment. Basic substation configurations and the components.
Substations volume i design parameters a pdh online. This document and the references attempt to show a greater benefit. Before embarking on determining substation reliability indices, it is helpful to be familiar with some of the common substation layouts and their corresponding names. There is numerous electrical substation components like outgoing and incoming circuitry each of which having its circuit breakers, isolators, transformers, and busbar system etc for the smooth functioning of the system. This data is not needed by the scada dispatchers substation automation basics the next. Isolated zone all items of equipment within a worktesting area for which isolation has been achieved at all point of supply. Additionally, complete modular distribution substation configurations for all voltages mod subs are also included, since. The new, improved technology can thus be implemented step by. Substation is integral part of a power system and form important links between the generating station, transmission systems, distribution systems and the load points. Types of office equipment and their functions 2 years ago 1172 views by vivian falae modern day office is furnished with so many different types of office equipment that it might be hard for some people to understand what is going on. Certain configurations may be more suited to a specific task, so the equipment in each type of substation may vary, but. The paper introduces a concept for integration of substation ied data, primarily coming from digital protective relays dprs and digital fault recorders dfrs.
The engineering function is generally more than furnishing of design and. Conirm the design life expectancy of equipment is achieved. The kintampo substation is composed of two substation yards. Neutralgrounding resistor is used to limit the earth fault current. From the above information, finally, we can conclude that a subsystem is an essential part of a power grid, and forms a. Electrical energy systems components and substations for electrical transmission and distribution systems b. Substation integration involves integrating protection, control, and data acquisition functions into a minimal number of platforms to reduce capital and operating costs, reduce panel and control room space, and eliminate redundant equipment and databases. The substation design manual is not intended to replace asset management standards, but rather to act as a reference document that crossreferences existing standards and process documentation and plugs any gaps where asset management documentation does not exist. Raising or lowering tap changer taps sequential control e.
Gate pdf files free download 6 gate info for eee and ece 2 gate previous questions and solutions 2 hrc fuse 3 important days in every year 1 important full forms 1 important topics in physics 1 industrial drives 2 interview electrical 2 interview skills 2 jfet vs bjt 1 management science by aryasri ebook pdf free download. The lowest level is the power system equipment, such as transformers and circuit breakers. The electrical substation design is a complex method with full of engineer planning. Larger transformers may have continuous online monitoring equipment. The course begins with a very general overview of the types of substations and their functions and then explains issues with siting a substation including weather and environmental issues. Another approach to integration of substation data is to consider how the integrated data will be used. Generic object oriented substation events goose describe lightweight packets, applied for transmitting status information and switching commands. Increased performance and reliability of electrical protection. Advances in substation equipment technology have led to increased unit capacity, smaller size, and environmental preservation. Components and substations for electrical transmission and.
Control functions individual device control direct openclose commands to individual devices checkback before operate function. Nonoperational data consists of files and waveforms such as event summaries, oscillographic event reports, or sequential events records, in addition to scadalike points e. Assessment of large power transformer risk mitigation. The lightening arrestors are grounded to the earth so that it can pull the lightening to the ground. Basic substation configurations and the components avo training. Switching substations a switching substation is a combination of switching and controlling equipment arranged to. To allow an element to be disconnected from the rest of the utility system for maintenance or repair.
Edms, printed to an electronic drawing set adobe pdf and issued to the project manager. Increase the safety of all staff, as properly maintained equipment is safer equipment. In any substation the main important is of protection which is firstly done by these lightening arrestors. Substation automation configuration substation automation systems can have several 10s to 100 different programmable devices. Electrical substation components, workings and their functions. Lightning arrestors also placed in the substation between both the ends of major equipment such as power transformers for protection. Arrangement of substation structures, equipment and their foundations develop section views and other detail drawings that show how structures, equipment and bus work are installed layout of conduits and raceways ground grid design and equipment grounding physical substation design including yard layouts, plans, sections and details, grounding. A substation performs a major role in our power system. Substations a substation is a highvoltage electric system facility.
This high voltage is very dangerous to the instruments used in the substation. The electricity substation is a network of electrical equipment which is connected in a structured way in order to supply electricity to end consumers. These components are connected in a definite sequence such that a circuit can be switched off during normal operation by manual command and also automatically during abnormal. Pdf a database has been developed that documents performance of. Familiarise themselves with the status of equipment and the. Commissioning process for new substation equipmenthayes. Introduction to substations annotated instructors guide module overview this module introduces trainees to the function of substations at all levels of the power grid, with an introduction to typical substation components included. The difference in lifecycle between equipment, demand for new functionality and an increasing demand for quality data from the field, request a different strategy for sas design and implementation. The design based substations are indoor, outdoor, foundation mounted and pole mounted substations. This module introduces trainees to the function of substations at all levels of the power grid. Dc power is used to feed essential services such as circuit breaker trip coils and associated relays, supervisory control and data acquisition scada. Many of these techniques are not unique to gis equipment and can also be found on other switchgear and breaker elements.
Requirements and functions of substation automation. Before the introduction of microprocessorbased equipment and serial communication in substations, protection, control and monitoring were handled separately by different. This section briefly describes about the probable causes of failure of major substation equipment viz. This feature together with the possibility of free allocation of functions paves the way for a vast range of possible solutions for protection and substation automation sa systems.
Icf assessment of large power transformer risk mitigation strategies 5 2. Ensure the comfort, health, and safety of building occupants through properly functioning equipment providing a healthy indoor environment. The substation receives electrical energy directly from generating stations through incoming power supply lines while it delivers electricity to the consumers. Power transformers, reactors, circuit breaker, instrument transformers, surge arrestors etc. Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several other important functions. Substation equipment an overview sciencedirect topics. Substation equipment s and its function department. Substation interview questions answers engineering tutorial. Substation equipment and functions equipment type function substation. Design guide for rural substations usda rural development. The electrical substation does not have a single circuit but is composed of numerous outgoing and incoming circuits which are connected to a busbar i. The middle three levels are ied implementation, ied integration, and substation automation applications.
Interpret electrical working drawings showing cable tray fittings. Normally stations are where we catch trains or buses. Iec 61850 is a comprehensive standard covering also. Transmission substations function as bulk power distribution centers, and their importance in the system often justifies bus and switching arrangements that are much more elaborate than distribution substations. Substation equipment and its function 2 linkedin slideshare. Practical considerations in applying iec 61850 for protection.
One purpose of a substation is to contain the equipment for changing electric energy from one voltage to another. The specifications are determined between the substation equipment and insulator manufacturers. The lightening arrestor works with an angle of 30 to 45 making a cone. Practical considerations in applying iec 61850 for. Integration of protection, control, and data acquisition functions into a minimal number of platforms to reduce capital and operating costs, reduce panel and control room space, and eliminate redundant equipment and databases. Supply of electric power to different consumers is done at low voltage level. Station controller, the top level controller in a substation bay controller, the unit controlling a bay in a substation relay, at the lowest level controlling a single object. The general scope of the standard is designed to support the communication of all functions being performed in the substation. This software is of modular design, which facilitates addition of new functions. Power system structure the typical power system structure is shown in fig. To better understand the importance of electrical substations, lets start with a discussion about the structure of the power systems and their main components. Electrical substation components list diagram, working. Substation automation includes a complete range of flexible object terminals, including all necessary functions for substation control and substation monitoring systems.
Stabilization output voltage is provided in the float charger to float the battery at the correct level. To isolate a faulted element from the rest of the utility system. Modeling of the substation, equipment and functions protocol stack interoperability by standardization and verification iec 61850 emerges has a holistic solution for communications inside utilities where domain specific modeling, protocol performance requirements, testing and validation, and life cycle of sa systems are addressed. Dec 31, 2015 lightning arrestor is the first equipment of the substation connecting the incoming transmission lines. Substations that interconnect multiple utilities, generators, or serve to. Generator files application deposit requiredamounts have increased to cover costs and ensure applicants have real projects type of service, location, mws, commercial operation date, technology to be used natural gas, wind, solar, hydro, coal, nuclear site control when complete, project is in queue. Gas monitoring will exist on almost every device that uses. It is used to switch generators, equipment, and circuits or lines in and out of a system. Between the generating station and consumer, electric power may flow through several substations at different voltage levels. Switching operations substations connect or disconnect elements of the power system, using circuit breakers andor switches. The following current and former members of the substation subcommittee of the nreca. The battery charging equipments comprises of a float charger and a boost charger.
Numbers of breakers, disconnect switches, transformers, auxiliaries, protective devices, lines and other equipment. Selection of equipment monitoring as a part of substation. All of the building blocks are based on state of the art numerical technology, compatible with conventional equipment. Fundamentals of modern electrical substations part 1. Electrical substation equipment for transferring of electrical power from generating unit to distributing units various types of electrical equipment are required. The functions of a substation may include one or more of the following. One is a 161 kv transmission substation with four transmission lines, two stepdown transformers, and nine circuit breakers arranged in a breaker and ahalf scheme. Power transformers and electric power system the electric power system consists of an integrated system of generators, bulkpower transmission lines, substations, and lower. Main difference in this approach is not only to consider the issues related to the substation equipment, but also to anticipate how the information gathered from substations would be utilized. Transmission, sub transmission and distribution substation 4.
In the fault situations the electric apparatus and systems become dangerous to humans. Equipment monitoring selection as a part of substation automation introduction monitoring has generally been applied to specific and individual pieces of substation equipment rather than as complete substation monitoring systems. The substation design manual is not intended to replace asset management. Ac power is required for substation building small power, lighting, heating and ventilation, some communications equipment, switchgear operating mechanisms, anticondensation heaters and motors. Shunt capacitors are used for power factor improvement, switched in during low power factor loads, in particular. Goose make use of a heartbeat mechanism typical interval. By the same analogy we can explain what a substation does. Deployment of substation and feeder operating functions and applica. Aug 19, 2010 substation, its function and types an electrical substation is an assemblage of electrical components including busbars, switchgear, power transformers, auxiliaries etc. This bulletin is an update and revision of previous rea bulletin 651, design guide for rural substations revised june 1978. Unesco eolss sample chapters electrical energy systems components and substations for electrical transmission and distribution systems b. Sep 16, 2012 ac power is required for substation building small power, lighting, heating and ventilation, some communications equipment, switchgear operating mechanisms, anticondensation heaters and motors.
Certification shall be furnished showing that insulating liquids used in equipment do not contain polychlorinated biphenyls. Fundamentals of electrical substations and switchgear. Types of office equipment and their functions updated. The most frequent monitoring arrangement is typically gas monitoring.
Commissioning services for equipment rated equal to, or greater than 100 kv, and the protection schemes that directly affect equipment rated equal to, or greater than 100 kv are performed by a corporate engineering department. Apr 02, 2016 kel37 page 2 substation equipments and its function distribution system the major function of distribution system is to provide power to individual consumer requirement. Table 2 provides a general list of substation equipment types, their basic function, and the category of substations that they would be used in. For terminal and zone substations, these schematic drawings are known. It means having an intelligent, interactive power distribution network including. This course will introduce and provide nontechnical people with the basics of a substation and all the general components that are inside a substation. The equipment like bus bars, isolator, power transformer etc. The smart substation should make full use of advanced technologies, such as big data, mobile interconnection, artificial intelligence, and image recognition, to realize the intelligent operation and maintenance of substation equipment in the mode of highest efficiency and lowest cost, with the functions of autonomous navigation, automatic recording, stateaware, intelligent identification, state prediction, and remote control.
Consider also that systems from separate vendors often are used. Substations also enable one or more of the following functions to be accomplished. Substation assets facilitate the efficient transfer of power from source to load and protect the circuits delivering power including transmission lines. Kel37 page 2 substation equipment s and its function. All rus borrowers rus electric staff effective date. Introduction in our present society that is greatly dependent on electric power, substation technology plays an important role in the stable and highquality transmission of electric energy. Ieds are a key component of substation integration and automation technology. A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system. Equipment shipped shall include a print of each final drawing,as required above, and a printed copy of the instructions. Equipment by an isolating devices in the isolated position, or by adequate physical separation. If the process layer device has the status monitoring function, the monitored status information is. The smart substation should make full use of advanced technologies, such as big data, mobile interconnection, artificial intelligence, and image recognition, to realize the intelligent operation and maintenance of substation equipment in the mode of highest efficiency and lowest cost, with the functions of. This type of transformer is applicable in meters, control apparatus and parallel by ac instruments. Electric substations with equipment used to convert highvoltage, extrahighvoltage ehv, or ultrahighvoltage uhv transmission lines to the intermediate voltage subtransmission lines or to switch subtransmission circuits operating at voltages in the range of 34.
A current transformer is an electrical device, and the main function of this is to change the value of current from a superior value to the minor value. Substation layout substation layout single line diagram check. General issues that are involved in the construction, operation and maintenance of substations and switchyards, and. Substation integration and automation can be broken down into five levels. Substation equipment operates at voltages ranging from 120 v to 500 kv.
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